We arrived in
Sarajevo via train from Mostar in the morning. Previously, most of my travel to
date had been small towns or cities or sparsely populated islands. I had
forgotten what it was like to be in a capital city of half a million people.
We took a tram
from the train station to the old section of town and as I got up to get off, I
put my phone in the front part of my small backpack for a second to take the
handrail and descend from the train. A man in front of me blocked my way.
Kristia, a young women I had met on the way to Mostar was already out on the
street waiting for me. A man behind me bumped me, and I looked over my shoulder
for a split second to let him know that I was trying to exit the train.
Finally, the man in front of me began to move, I exited the train onto the
sidewalk and the tram departed. Kristia reached for her phone to check the
directions to the hostel and it was then I realized what I had done. I had put
my phone in exactly the place to have it pick pocketed by the two men on the
train. Classic traveler’s faux pas! And the worst part – I had known it. I
opened the compartment and sure enough – gone – all my photos, all my contacts,
all my notes and yes all my passwords on my non password protected phone. Crap!
In case you are
curious – it takes approximately three hours to go about the frustrating
process of resetting every password you have, reporting your phone lost/stolen,
seeing if you have insurance, seeing what you remembered to put on the icloud,
remotely adding a password and suspending your service. Certainly it was
annoying. But in the grand scheme of things – really not something worth
stressing about, but hard to avoid that feeling of “Damn it – I should have. .
.”
I could feel the
frustration in my body and tried to shake it. I knew it was material, and I
needed to just let it go. Being in Sarajevo was just the thing to help me put
my little inconvenience into perspective.
Over the course
of the next 7 hours, we walked the streets of Sarajevo taking in the Turkish
influence on the eastern side of town from centuries under the Ottoman empire,
the Austrian and Hungarian influence on the western side of town. Mosques and
minarets, a catholic church Notre Dame style, a Franciscan church and both a
Sephardic and Ashkenazi synagogue gave the city an international feel that I
had not experienced in the past. On the Turkish side of the city, small alleyways
were lined with coffee sets, rugs for sale and copper offerings. Men in Kufi
praying skull caps sat together on low benches drinking Bosnian coffee solving
the world’s problems. Women in hijabs walked holding their children’s hands.
Further down the street past the cathedral, the streets widened, bars lined
either side of the street and patrons sat drinking beer solving the world’s
problems as well. Everyone – on both sides - was smoking.
And everywhere
you looked, there were ruins, shells of buildings that had once stood before
the war, in other places buildings still intact, riddled with bullet holes. The
war had ended 20 years earlier, but all around us was the evidence of the
devastation. I looked at the people walking around –men and women my age,
younger and older. What had they been doing while the war raged on for almost
four years?
The two-hour
walking tour we took gave us insight into the different parts of the city and
our tour guide, in typical Bosnian fanfare told each story sarcastically and
with a punch line at the end. This was the third Bosnian man we had spent time
listening and talking to, and I was starting to get the impression that
Bosnians were not only proud of their culture, they had a bit of a dark,
sardonic sense of humor.
About every 30
minutes, I would look at Kristia and unrelated to what we were learning and
observing I would say something to the effect of, “Do you know what’s most
annoying about having my phone stolen. . .?”
Actually nothing.
I mean of course it’s annoying and frustrating.
But again I go back to what I
said before – in the grand scheme of anything – losing a replaceable material
object that I am far to apt to look at instead of looking around at my
surroundings – is nothing.
I was about to
have that shown to me in the Srebenica Genocide Museum off the square in front
of the cathedral.
The thing about
not knowing what you don’t know is that you don’t know that you don’t know it.
I don’t know if that makes sense to you, but sitting here right now, rain
falling on a metal roof outside the window of my hostel, an old building with a
broken window in my sight, I know I am forever changed by what I saw over the
last two days. I am struck by what I didn’t know.
In April of 1992,
I was busy studying for my final exams in high school, deciding with whom to go
to prom and picking out a beach house to spend senior week with my friends. At
the time, my biggest conundrums were if I should take my boyfriend who had
already graduated and might be bored or go with a friend. I know what your
thinking, “OH MY GOD! However did you decide that – what a major catastrophe!”
And I get it that high school kids – and maybe college ones too- are
narcissistic and self absorbed and feel that the world revolves around them. I
didn’t realize that at the time that I was like that, but if I hadn’t been, then
this visit to Sarajevo’s tunnel of hope and the Srebenica Genocide Museum wouldn’t have thrown me
so much for a loop.
Sarajevo was
besieged by the Army of Republika Srpska on April 5 of 1992 with the intention of
creating a new Bosnian Serb state after Bosnia – Herzegovina declared its
independence from Yugoslavia. Most people will remember seeing this on the news
in the spring of that year. The thing is that the Serbian army figured it would
take about four days for them to take the city. . . but the Sarajevans dug in
the their heels and refused to quit in a siege that lasted 1,425 days. That’s
over 4 years. That is the longest siege in the history of modern warfare.
During the siege, access to water, food, and electricity was cut off completely.
Buildings were destroyed and the entire city was a target. I tried to put
myself at 18 in the shoes of a Bosnian 18 year old.
From 1992-1995,
all regular functioning activities in Sarajevo ceased to exist. And while I
went to class and frat parties and lay in the quad, 18 year olds in Bosnia
cowered in basements praying their apartment building would be spared. More
than 11,000 of them, many of them civilian men, women and children were killed.
The only access to any kind of supplies, food or water was through the tunel
spasa or tunnel of hope, located under a home near the Sarajevo airport. In
just 4 months in the spring of 1993, a Bosnian engineer created the plans for
the tunnel’s construction and was dug by hand for 24 hours a day. That 800
meter tunnel was the only access point to humanitarian aid during the war.
Now maybe you
knew all of that – again, you don’t know what you don’t know. I remember seeing
the images of the war on the television, reading it in the news, but until I
landed in Bosnia earlier this week, I have to say, I just think I really didn’t
know.
Samija was our
tour guide in the Srebenica Memorial museum. She was just five when
the war began. Her descriptions of the genocide and Srebenica as a “safe space”
in addition to her later stories of her own experience changed me forever.
Samija stood in front of us in the foyer of the museum, dressed in all black
and fidgeting with her ring and black shirt and pants before she began, “You
may want to take a seat,” she gestured to one small wooden bench in front of her,
“I am going to give you a brief – not so brief introduction – before we proceed
to the rest of the museum.” Samija was a slight woman and she began by
apologizing for her raspy voice – likely from having given the tour multiple
times a day every day that month.
The 20th anniversary of
Srebenica’s mass killings had just passed in July, but you could feel that for
Samija, the pain she felt was raw, as if it had happened recently.
She gave us a
brief history of how the war began and the events leading up to the UN naming
Srebenica a “safe” area for refugees from other Bosnian cities under attack by
the Republic of Srpska. The two documentaries we watched and her account of the
events leading up to the massacre sent chills into every part of my body. One of
the photos on the wall in museum were the words graffitied, United Nothing which described the betrayal that the people
felt after having traveled all the way to Srebenica only to be turned away to
meet their death.
She talked to us
for more than an hour in a gallery the size of a studio in San Francisco and
still I wanted more – how had this happened? How had the UN peacekeepers just
stood by and watched it? How had military leaders around the world just closed
their eyes and allowed more than 8000 Muslim boys and men to be killed
execution style and thrown into mass graves. The Srebenica massacre was labeled
the biggest genocide since the Holocaust in the 20th century.
After the
Holocaust, we said, “Never again.” We blamed the German civilians for turning a
blind eye, for saying that they didn’t know about the concentration camps. And
this before the Internet, before the world could watch what was happening.
In July of 1995, I began packing for my
year abroad in Spain. I was leaving the country for the first time. Again when
I think back to what was happening my head – I was worried about leaving my
boyfriend and if we’d stay together. I was nervous I’d “miss out” on my senior
year. And while I was “busy” worrying about myself, men and boys between the
ages of 12 and 77 were being separated from the women and shot execution style
in school playgrounds outside of Srebenica. Ethnic cleansing was happening.
Still to this day, over 1000 of the men and boys killed in the massacre remain
unidentified and missing. Sometimes over three generations of a family were
knocked out, and there is simply no one to provide a blood sample now to match
the DNA. And still today, mothers and wives wait. They wait for their sons and
husbands to be identified so that they can finally put them to rest.
I felt like I had
been punched in the stomach. Samija’s passion oozed out of every pore of her
being. She was outraged and overwhelmed with emotion, as she led us through the
gallery and showed us the heinous acts of violence and racism that had
occurred. “It happened here. It can happen in any society.” She said over and
over again.
When the tour
concluded, my head was spinning, my heart was full and tears welled, waiting to
spring. Kristia and I walked into the lobby and I asked Samija how old she had
been. “I was 5 when the war began and 11 when it ended.” Her voice wavered as
she spoke and her eyes were red around the edges. “We had to eat this –“ she
interrupted herself switched into Bosnian and spoke to her colleague on staff,
and laughed as she continued, “horse meat in a can.” The girls both began to
laugh as they recalled the taste of the meat.
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Sarajevo Rose - Red paint around former explosions | |
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She described the
tenacity of the people of Sarajevo and showed us a woman that every day, got
dressed as if there were no war and put on make up – “people had to keep
living.” She looked at her feet, “But our childhood – it was stolen. I remember
in November of 1995 after my baby brother was born at 7 months, I was washing
his diapers outside in minus 5, 200 times, I was doing this.”
She laughed, a
bitter sad laugh. A generation of young people, robbed of their childhood.
I wonder about as
this group of young people as they come of age and have children of their own.
. . the casualties of the genocide and the war in Bosnia from 1992-1995 are
great. But what of the survivors? What happens to them as they try to make
sense of the international travesty that happened to them in their own home.
I think about
what I didn’t know. And I wonder now what I still don’t know.
In
1999, UN Secretary-General Kofi Annan wrote:
“Through
error, misjudgment and an inability to recognize the scope of the evil
confronting us, we failed to do our part to help save the people of Srebrenica
from the Serb campaign of mass murder.”
Our
not knowing, our silence, our inability to act when action is needed allow
these types of despicable actions to occur.
What will we know
in 5 years about the refugee crisis that we don’t know right now?
What will we know
about the death of young black men in the United States at the hands of law
enforcement?
What will we know
that is different than what we know right now about the wars in Iraq and
Afghanistan in this century.
We don’t know
what we don’t know, but it is our obligation as human beings to find out.